Compare and Contrast: Claudio and Benedick Essay

Shakespeare’s comedy, Much Ado About Nothing, is a play that follows a small group of friends from a high-class society in Massina. Two of this group are friends are Claudio and Benedick. In the beginning of the play they are seemingly similar, in that they both are of an upper-class upbringing and do their best to maintain their social reputation. The characters are made as to enhance their differences by the end of the play; they are foils to one another. Both Benedick and Claudio find themselves fooled by other characters in the play and have to decide what they are willing to believe is true and what is false, furthermore both characters find love by the end of the play, but which means they use to get there differ. In the beginning of the play Claudio is introduced as an accomplished young military man who has just come back from a successful battle. He claims to be â€Å"in love† with a woman named Hero. Before confronting her about the feelings he has for her, Cl audio asks his friend Benedick to tell him what he personally thinks about Hero. In the hopes that he will confirm that she is in fact as fair and lovely as Claudio thinks she is. â€Å"I pray thee tell me truly how thou lik’st her.† (Much Ado About Nothing 1.1.171-172) The â€Å"love† Claudio feels for Hero is based on the approval of his friends. Claudio goes on to ask, yet another associate, Prince Don Pedro, how he to feels about Hero. Claudio is clearly a shallow minded individual with a limited capacity to think of only a few thoughts occupy his mind at one time. Claudio even makes not of it himself when talking to Benedick about when he first came to love Hero. I look’d upon her with a soldier’s eye, That liked, but had a rougher task in hand Than to drive liking to the name of love: But now I am return’d and that war-thoughts Have left their places vacant, in their rooms Come thronging soft and delicate desires, All prompting me how fair young Hero is, Saying, I liked her ere I went to wars. (Much Ado About Nothing 1.1.289-295) Foil to Claudio is Benedick, an arrogant young man who, also like Claudio, took part in the war and was brought up in a high class society. Benedick is also concerned is his public image. He considers himself a ladies’ man of sorts and does not want to be tied down by any woman and would rather die than be wed because he does not trust women. That a woman conceived me, I thank her; that she brought me up, I likewise give her most humble thanks. But that I will have a recheat winded in my forehead, or hang my bugle in an invisible baldrick, all women shall pardon me. Because I will not do them the wrong to mistrust any, I will do myself the right to trust none; and the fine is, for the which I may go the finer, I will live a bachelor. (Much Ado About Nothing 1.1.229-237) As if that did not make his point, Benedick goes on to say that he would prefer then to be bound by holy matrimony. He tells his friends that if he ever does anything so ridiculous as to fall in love that as his friends they should shoot him for his follies. â€Å"If I do, hang me in a bottle like a cat and shoot at me; and he that hits me, let him be clapped on the shoulder, and called Adam.† (Much Ado About Nothing 1.1.248-250) Because at this time Benedick truly believes that love is the worst fait for any man. Read Also:  Compare and Contrast Essay Definition In his attempts to find public acceptance, Claudio proves to be easily fooled into believing anything he is told despite obvious lack of proof of what he is being deceived into thinking is true. When approached by Don John the bastard, the brother to Don Pedro and the least trusted person in Messina. Claudio falls for the lie that his friend, Don Pedro, who offered to help Claudio woo Hero has actually planed to woo her for himself, Claudio as gullible as he is believes Don John’s lies. â€Å"Claudio permits the masked Don Pedro, prince of Arragon, to woo Hero in his place but then is misled into believing that the prince has betrayed him and courted Hero for himself.† (Shakespeare’s Comedies 104) Once the treason is proven false Claudio goes right back to being his pleasant self and accepts Hero with no questions asked. â€Å"Lady, as you are mine, I am yours: I give away myself for you and dote upon the exchange.† (Much Ado About Nothing 2.1.304-306) Ben edick is so back and forth with his feelings for Hero it makes his love appear to be very uncertain. After being bombarded by all the recent talk of love from all of his friends, including Claudio, a military man he would have thought would never have let himself be attached to any lady. Benedick begins to wonder if he too might fall for someone, because if a solder like Claudio can be swayed to fall in love, surely Benedick himself could also. He then decides what sort of woman would be able to win his heart. Benedick’s standers are high and very specific. One woman is fair, yet I am well; another is wise, yet I am well; another virtuous, yet I am well; but till all graces be in one woman, one woman shall not come in my grace. Rich she shall be, that’s certain; wise, or I’ll none; virtuous, or I’ll never cheapen her; fair, or I’ll never look on her; mild, or come not near me; noble, or not I for an angel; of good discourse, an excellent musician, and her hair shall be of what colour it please God. (Much Ado About Nothing 2.3.26-35) With the prospect of love already in his mind Benedick becomes a victim of his cohorts plan to fool him into that believing that Beatrice, an equally idealistic character with a witty personality, who Benedick’s friends think would be perfect for him, is in love with him. After hearing how much she loves him, Benedick changes his views entirely. â€Å"a bachelor in words more than sentiment, so that, during his monologue in 2.3, we watched with sympathy and knowing as he persuaded himself, easily, into love.† (Much Ado about Nothing (review) Shakespeare Bulletin 25.3 (2007) 119-122) Skeptical at first, Benedick has a moment of realization as he looks in himself. Through this introspection Benedick leads himself to the conclusions that Beatrice is indeed the perfect match for him and fits his criteria for the only woman that could make him fall in love. â€Å"-’tis so, I cannot reprove it; and wise, but for loving me; by my troth, it is no addition to her wit, nor no great argument of her folly, for I will be horribly in love with her. I may chance have some odd quirks and remnants of wit broken on me, because I have railed so long against marriage† ( Much Ado About Nothing 2.3.228-234) Though his own insight, Benedick changes his whole view about love all together. In conclusion both Claudio and Benedick are deceived at one point or another in believing something that they are told with no real proof, and both find love by the end of the play, but the means by which they find their way to love differs. Benedick’s path is much more liner and though introspection on how he feels about Beatrice. Were Claudio’s path is sways back and forth due to his insecurities and follies. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing. New York: Signet Classic, 1998. Print. Vaughn, Jack A. Shakespeare’s Comedies. New York: Fredrick Ungar, 1980. Print. Finlayson, Caitlin. Much Ado about Nothing (review). Shakespeare Bulletin 25.3 (2007). Web. Oct 18, 2011.

Research Methods in Health and Social Care

Research Methods in Health and Social Care Critical review of quantitative research Majid,S. Foo,S. Luyt,B. Ahang,X. Theng,YL. Chang,YK. Mokhtar,IA. (2011) Adopting and evidence-based practice in clinical decision making: nurses’ perceptions, knowledge , and barriers. Journal of the Medical Library Association 99(3) PP229-236. This essay will be a critical review on the study conducted by Majid et al (2011). The article which is titled ‘Adopting evidence-based practice in clinical decision making: Nurses’ perceptions, knowledge, and barriers’.Investigates the attitudes of Singaporean nurses regarding; evidence based practise. The researchers wanted to identify how the nurses informed were about evidence base practice. They also wanted to identify how the nurses researched literature. Evidence based practise is about good practice and improving the quality of care, this is achieved through a combination of evidence and professional expertise, integrated into clinical practice (Baker, 2012). The study reveals that the majority of nurses working in public hospitals in Singapore have positive attitudes towards evidence based practice.Literature review A literature review is a complete study and understanding of research literature that researchers examine prior or during their research study (Aveyard, 2010). Majid, et al. (2011) looked at a wide range of literature within their research, it is imperative for researchers to look at numerous research related to their research topic to gain an insight on how they conducted their study and the conclusion that was identified from the study (Aveyard, 2010). Literature reviews should have a sufficient amount of studies considered.Majid, et al. (2011) looked at a total of twenty two studies, by reading a sufficient amount of studies this ensures that the researcher does not get a misleading picture of the topic (Aveyard,2012). The sources used within the literature were relatively old; these old sources may not be relevant to current times. Literature reviewed should not be more than five years old as attitudes and beliefs change frequently meaning the studies could not be relevant to current attitudes and beliefs (Godshall, 2010). Majid, et al. 2011) found from their literature search that the general view on evidence based practice was positive. This could question whether Majid, et al. (2011) conducted a systematic review of the literature as there was no mention of any research which found that nurses found a negative view on evidence based practice (Houser,2008). The studies mentioned in the literature at were not conducted within the southeast of Asia therefore Majid, et al. (2011) wanted to investigate attitudes towards evidence based practice from the southeast of Asia.This gives justification for the study as there have only been studies conducted in North America, Europe and other developed western countries. Majid, et al. (2011) wanted to compare the result from their study with the previous studies. Majid, et al. (2011) also discovered that most of the literature that was reviewed shared the same findings on barriers to evidence based practice. The healthcare professionals claimed that lack of time was the barrier to acception, adoption and implementation of evidence based practice. Majid, et al. 2011) in addition recognised that only a few studies that they researched had explored the literature searching skills of nurses Literature reviews should be systematically y reviewed to ensure that the research reviews are reliable (Graziano and Raulin, 2007). Majid, et al. (2011) did not state whether the studies that were looked at were systematically or peer reviewed. Approach and Methodology The study was a primary study however did look at survey instrument used by other previous evidence based practise studies. Majid, et al. (2011) used a quantitative method of research.Quantitative research methods require finding a variable for concepts, operationalising them in the study and measuring them (Grix, 2010). Majid, et al. (2011) study did this by using a survey questionnaire as a means of collecting data. The questions were compiled by a team comprising information studies faculty at the Nanyang Technological University and nursing representatives from the National University hospital. Making the questionnaire unbiased towards the researchers. Marczyk, et al. (2005) states that it is important for all research to not be biased towards the researchers.Quantitative research methods are objective as it uses measurements and analysis of statistical data to answer the study question. The researchers’ opinions do not affect the outcome of the study, ensuring that the study is unbiased. Another advantage is quantitative research uses numbers and statistics which is understood universally (Houser,2008). The researchers have clearly described how they implemented their research in the methods section; the study is easily replicable as it uses a survey questionnaire to collect data.However the research study would have been better if they used qualitative methods to find out the nurse’s perceptions, knowledge and barriers towards evidence based practice in clinical decision making. Majid, et al. (2011) could have interviewed some of the participants to get detailed descriptions of how they feel about evidence based practice in clinical decision making. This would allow the researches to get an in-depth understanding making the study more valid (Saris and Gallhofer, 2007).Quantitative research is best used for quantifying relationships between variables (Hopkins, 2008). The objective of the study was not to identify relationships between variables instead was to explore the attitudes, awareness and knowledge towards evidence based practice. Some could argue that making this study more suitable for a qualitative study. Quantitative research study should have a hypothesis (Maryann, 2010). Majid, et al. (2011), did not state a hypothesis for their study neither did they define a prediction of what they think was going to be the outcome of the research.Sample The samples used for the research conducted by Majid, et al. (2011) were registered nurses in 2 public hospitals in Singapore. The researchers made 2,100 copies of the questionnaires to be completed, however 1,486 were completed. The response rate was 70% ,for quantitative research a large sample size is essential to ensure that the study is statistically accurate (Houser, 2008). The fact that not all of the questionnaires were completed means that the study cannot be fully generalised as some people did not respond.Also some staff was on annual, medical or maternity leave therefore could not participate again making the study not generalised and potentially biased. Majid, et al. (2011) used two different hospital sites to collect data from; this is a good approach as the views on Evidence based practice may be different in the two hospitals, therefore allowing for a comparison of the hospital views. However this could be a negative as only two public hospitals in Singapore were used, therefore making the study hard to generalise to other hospitals in Southeast Asia.All research must follow ethical guidelines. Researchers must ensure that their research ensures confidentiality, anonymity, legality and professionalism (Grix, 2011). Majid, et al. (2011) had ethical approval from the Domain Specific Review Board, appointed by the National Healthcare Group. The researchers did not have consent forms for the participants; however the participants were made aware that by completing the questionnaire they were giving their consent. The nursing managers were briefed and asked to hand the questionnaires out.There is no evidence that the participants were given a briefing from the nursing managers maybe it could have been more ethical if Majid, et al. (2011) briefed the nurses themselves before asking them t o complete the questionnaire. As the questionnaire was self administered the respondents may not have got the reassurance or debriefing needed ( Nosek, et al. 2002). Data collection Data collection must be appropriate, reliable and valid (Houser, 2008). Majit, et al. (2011) used a survey questionnaire. A 5-point liket scale was used in the questionnaires for collecting the nurse’s perceptions on evidence based practice.The advantages of using a likert scale are that the questions are easy to construct, furthermore the likert scale allows for easy comparison of the participants responses. The disadvantage of using a likert scale is the total score of an individual’s response does not have a clear meaning as a total score can be fixed by a variety of answer patterns (Kothari, 2004). Survey questionnaires require the participants to answer questions presented to them. The questionnaire was self administered, which allows for anonymity and less control from the researcher (Mitchell and Jolley, 2012).The first set of questions were demographic questions which as education, job title and length of experience. Majid, et al. (2011) used the results from the demographic information collected to identify a relationship between the demographic information and the ability to undertake evidence based practice activities and other related activities. Another advantage of the survey questionnaires are that a large sample group was targeted within a small space of time. The surveys were collected within a2-week period. Maybe if they waited 3-weeks they might have had a greater response rate.Lastly survey questionnaires are easily replicable as the questions are standardised therefore making them a good method of research (Mitchell and Jolley, 2012). The disadvantages of using survey questionnaires for data collection includes respondents of are usually unreliable as the participants may not have time to complete the survey. Majid, et al. (2011) had a response ra te of 70%. In addition research is also prone to the Hawthorne effect as the participants know that they are being tested, they may not answer the questions on the questionnaire truthfully (Waltz et al, 2010).This may mean the study To assess the nurses’ ability to search databases a hypothetical top was presented to the nurses, with 5 possible search statements and were asked to choose the most appropriate search statement. The validity of this method of measuring their ability to search a database could be questioned. Results The results are presented in table form making the data easy to analyse Majid, et al. (2011) seemed to make assumptions about the beliefs and attitudes towards evidence based practice. The result percentages are too close together.The results from the questions asked about beliefs and attitudes towards evidence based practice showed that 64. 3% of the nurses either disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement that they preferred using traditional methods than new patient care approaches. Majid, et al. (2011) failed to account for the 35. 7% of respondents who didn’t disagree or strongly disagree. Majid, et al. (2011) found that 52. 8% of the nurses disagreed with the statement that they do not like people questioning their clinical practices that are based on established methods.From this Majid et al concluded that the nurses were open to adopt new health care approaches. Majid, et al. (2011) again did not take into account the 47. 9% of respondents who did not disagree. Majid, et al. (2011) used a statistical test to investigate possible relationships between the ability to undertake evidence based practice activities and other related variables. Their findings were a weak relationship was found between the ability of nurses to implement evidence based practice and their length of experience.Nurses who had higher qualifications were likely to have better abilities to undertake different evidence based practice tasks . Lastly nurses who attended evidence based practice training were likely to feel more competent in their abilities to implement evidence based practice. Majid, et al. (2011) was able to determine these results using data collected from the questionnaires. . This supports the finding s of the other literature which was mentioned in the literature reviews. Reliability and validity All research studies should have a high reliability and validity.Reliability is the ability to consistently measure what is being measured. Godshall (2010, p. 36) writes that ‘Validity is the ability to measure what is supposed to or is intended to be measured’. To ensure that the content of the questionnaire was valid Majid, et al. (2011) had the questionnaire reviewed by a team of experts. Majid, et al. (2011) used a large sample size of 1,486 making the study reliable as a large number size is important in ensuring that the research is reliable. However the responses from the questionnaire c ould not be truthful therefore making the study results unreliable.The results showed that 64% of the nurses expressed a positive attitude towards evidence based practice. 64% is not a large enough percentage to conclude the study.. Majid, et al. (2011) assessed the reliability and content validity of their questions using Cronbach alpha. Questionnaires in general have a low validity as the questions do not explore the topic in depth or detail. Majid et al, 2011 conducted a pilot study to test the survey questions. The feedback received showed that the participants wanted the language and the format of the questions changed.By conducting a pilot study this ensures that the study is reliable and valid. Conclusion and clinical implications The conclusions made from Majid et al, (2011) study were that nurses had a positive attitude towards evidence based practice. However they found adopting evidence based practice difficult due to barriers which effect adaptation of evidence based pra ctice. Majid, et al . (2011) suggest that hospital management arrange evidence based practice training and providing time off from work to learn and put into practice new techniques.To summarise the study was a conducted well, the study is easily replicable, although to further the study Majid, et al. (2011) should have considered using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods. Majid,et al. (2011) could have interviewed the nurses to get a further insight into the nurses attitudes and beliefs. Reference List Aveyard. H, 2010, Doing a Literature review in health and social care. A practical guide. 2nd ed, New York: Open university press. Baker. J, 2012, Evidence-Based practice for nurses, London: Sage Publications. Bowling. A and Ebrahim.S, 2005, Handbook of health research methods, Berkshire: Open University Press. Godshall. M. 2012, Fast facts for Evidence Based Practice, Newyork: Springer publishing company. Graziano. M. A and Raulin. L. M, 2007, Research methods a proces s of inquiry, 6th ed, Boston: Pearson Education. Grix. J, 2010, The Foundations of Research, 2nd Ed, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Hopkins. G. W, 2008, Quantitative Research Design, Sports Science, [online] Available at http://libweb. anglia. ac. uk/referencing/harvard. htm [accessed 16th May 2012]. Houser. J, 2008, Nursing Research: Reading, Using, and Creating Evidence, London:Jones and Bartlett.Kothari. R. C, 2004, Research Methodology: Methods and Technique, 2nd ed, New Delhi: New age international. Marczyk. R. G, DeMatteo. D and Festinger. D, 2005, Essentials of Research Design and Methodology, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Mitchell. L. M and Jolley. M. J, 2012, Research design explained,8th ed, Wandsworth: Cengage Learning. Saris. E. W and Gallhofer. N. I, 2007, Design,Evaluation and analysis of questionnaires for survey research,Wiley-Interscience Waltz. F. C, Strickland. L. O and Lenz. R. E, 2010, Measurement in Nursing and Health Research, New York:Springer Publishing Compa ny.

Leadership and Supervision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and Supervision - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that the University of Houston tailored the course under the name Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership and Supervision (OLS) but the University of South Carolina offers the course under the name Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Leadership.   In the University of the South Carolina (USC), the course markets itself in the community as basing on the Human side of commerce management process. It provides Organizational leadership for people in various industries focusing on encouraging and motivating employees in execution and implementation of the organizational change. These two courses are vital in the development of the management personnel in the in the oil and gas industry thus enhancing profitability, maximizing outputs and creating standard operational mechanisms.This paper highlights that  the USC leadership degree aims at enhancing human leadership through motivation of the employees and facilitation of organizational change. In contrast, HUOLS aims at availing trainees or students with a competitive edge while undertaking leadership and enhanced supervisory responsibilities, especially in technology grounded  Ã‚   organizations. The HUOLS degree deals with the consistently growing and changing complex of engaged leadership in various organizations that mostly base on relying on technology on the daily basis. HUOLS degree is characterized by the provision of empowering approach to the practice to leaders in various firms.  Ã‚  

Global Health-Improving Access to Health Care and Medication Essay

Global Health-Improving Access to Health Care and Medication - Essay Example The global access to health has been impacted significantly by social and environmental factors that yield marked differences in health status (Collins 2003, p.97). As a result, the core focus centers on understanding and intervening within the underpinning causes of health inequity. The World Health Organization has outlined a number of indicators for health access, namely: life expectancy and mortality; health service coverage; selected infectious diseases; risk factors; health expenditure; health inequities; health information systems and data availability; and, demographic and socioeconomic statistics. The inequalities in global access to health do not only manifest between countries, but also within countries and closely associate with the level of social disadvantage (Gulliford & Morgan 2003, p.3). The Case for Health Disparities Health disparities remain broadly defined as variations in disease prevalence or treatment based on aspects such as sex, race, or ethnicity, income, e ducation attainment, geographic location, or sexual orientation. Health disparities adversely impact on groups of people, who systematically encounter enhanced socio-economic impediments to health based on their racial/ethnic group, socioeconomic status, age, gender, sexual orientation, geographic location, gender identity, or other characteristics associated with discrimination or exclusion (Mullins, Blatt, Gbarayor, Yang, & Baquet 2005, p.1873). Globally, several efforts directed at highlighting and minimizing health disparities that have involved numerous agencies as they evaluate the countries’ march towards adoption of policy-driven and health-centred objectives. Despite the changes implemented over the last decades, health disparities around the world still exist, especially among the minority groups. The Journal of the American Medical Association highlights race as a critical determinant within the level of care, whereby ethnic minority groups frequently receive less intensive and lower care. Health disparities are also not pegged on race, ethnic, and cultural differences alone as such disparities remain also fuelled by the sexuality minority groups. Studies manifest that an individual’s sexual minority status may restrain access to health care. In some cases, the homosexuals, transgender groups, and bisexual population perpetually experience the diverse range of health access problems connected to their sexuality. The discrimination and minimized access to medical care, coupled with social and cultural experiences aggravate these problems (Collins 2003, p.98). In terms of gender, women in the U.S usually manifest better access to healthcare compared to men. This can be explained by the fact that women mainly have higher rates of health insurance and report enhanced likelihood to seek medical care. Although, gender and race play a critical role in explaining healthcare inequality within the U.S., socioeconomic status bears the greatest de termining factor in shaping an individual’s level of access to healthcare. Indeed, socio-economic differences manifest between racial groups and impacts on the health status of the groups (Bravemen 2006, p.167). Overall, the reasons for disparities in healthcare access are numerous, but can encompass lack of insurance coverage; lack of

Healthcare Spending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

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Designing an Evaluation Method Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Influence of Technology on Nursing Education Thesis

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Martin King and Henry Thoreau Essay Example for Free

Martin King and Henry Thoreau Essay Martin King and Henry Thoreau both write persuasive expositions that oppose majority ideals and justify their own causes. While this similarity is clear, the two essays, Letters from Birmingham Jail by King and Civil Disobedience by Thoreau, do have their fair share of differences. Primarily in the causes themselves, as King persuades white, southern clergy men that segregation is an evil, unjust law that should be defeated through the agitation of direct protesting, and Thoreau, writing to a more broad, non addressed audience, and focusing more on the government itself, contends that at its present state, with the war with Mexico and the institution of slavery, that one should do as he does and refuse to pay government taxes that support such evil practices or traditions. While both Thoreau and King prevail in establishing a firm impression for what they strongly believe in, they each succeed in their persuasive efforts through different means. Chiefly, in the way that King draws emotional appeal with the usage of a burning passion and devotion, and Thoreau, while still making it evident that he is devoted in what he believes in, draws more emotional appeal through being more distressed and concerned than naively hopeful and optimistic. However, similarities remain to be as numerous as differences as both Thoreau and King bring credibility or ethical appeal to their assays essentially with allusions to Christ and the Bible. First, Kings emotional appeal is what above all contrasts his essay with Thoreaus. As virtually everything else; the theme of disobeying unjust laws, their admiration for the minoritys viewpoint, and even, coincidently, where they wrote their essays prison, is all the same. King makes two references to conversations shared with his children. Once with his little girl who wants to go to the public amusement park and is quickly developing tears in her eyes as her father has to sadly explain the reality that black children arent allowed in Funtown. Promptly once again, King refers to being forced to somehow concoct an acceptable answer to his five year old sons question why do white people treat colored people so mean?. King does not stop there with his ability to throw his readers into the harsh emotional realities that he had to face. While answering the same question of why we cant wait in regards to protesting, King refers to the tragic sadness of how his wife and mother are almost  never granted with the respectable title of Mrs and how his own name has virtually been transformed from Martin Luther King to Nigger Boy John in the heartland of discrimination in the South. The rhetorical use of detail is Kings second element that he takes advantage of to draw such tremendous, but necessary emotional appeal. With his despairing response to the clergy mens appraisal of the policemens ability to maintain peace and order when he asserts with great detail that maybe they wouldnt be so warmly supportive if they would have been in the streets to witness the police slapping Negro men and boys with sticks and pushing and cursing old Negro women and girls in such a cold-hearted and cruel fashion. Furthermore, Kings account of what the South would be like if blacks sided more with the Black Nationalists than himself brings emotion to all that contemplate his perception of streets flowing with blood during the central time of the otherwise inevitable racial nightmare. Thoreau, on the other hand, never consents to revealing such frightful nightmares and makes only one brief reference to his children. Instead, Thoreau draws emotional appeal through many different techniques in the art of persuasive writing. Most predominantly, with despaired and concerning rhetorical questions such as when he asks about established governments viewpoint on great men, why does it always crucify Christ and excommunicate Copernicus and Luther, and pronounce Washington and Franklin rebels?. And again when he provokes the question of how men assert their grievances when he asks How can a man be satisfied to entertain and opinion merely and enjoy it?. As stated above, Thoreau and Kings great persuasive similarity is in the way they give their essays ethical appeal. They both repetitiously make use to references of the Bible. King first asserts that he is in Birmingham for the same reason that the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the Gospel of Jesus. Once again, in comparing his civil disobedience to that of Shadrack, Meshack, and Abednego when they refused to obey the worship laws of Nebucadnesser. Finally King affirms to not being offended by the criticism of being called an extremist by the thought of how many great extremists there where in the past, such as Abe Lincoln, Martin  Luther, and Jesus Christ. Thoreau in the very same manner and with many of the same figures, continues with his own set of biblical allusions. He subscribes to the verse of Christ and the Herodians when they ask him about his stance on taxes and Christ replies to give Caesar what is Caesars, and to give God what is Gods. And then, more broadly, Thoreau poses the question of why after eighteen hundred years of being written, no legislator in America or anywhere else has taken advantage of the science of legislation revealed in the New Testament. In conclusion, both Thoreau and King succeed in establishing their points on the benefits of civil disobedience. I feel that King does succeed farther with his inclusion of more passionate emotion and easier to understand, heartfelt metaphors. Though it is debatable that the scientific and matter of fact tone Thoreau uses ultimately make his case more credible by establishing his work as not only a great personal exposition, but also a considerable scientific exposition that could be considered among the ranks of Thomas Paines Common Sense or even Machiavellis The Prince.

The automobile industry value chain analysis

The automobile industry value chain analysis Section 2: Following on from your analysis in Question 1, discuss the competitive postion of General Motors Europe (GME) at the time of the case. Threat of Entry The automobile industry is facing the mature stage, although the high barriers to entry considering the huge amount of capital required for companies to manufacture and design their cars and the very low switching costs consumers face when changing cars;however it doesnt mean there are no new entrants to Europe for instance Asian automaker as Toyota Nissan and others to be actively present in the market. Threat of Rivalry There is a very high threat of rivalry within the industry, as automaker should always be updated with new technologies, innovation and come out with new models and design. Moreover for GME the exit barrier is relatively high due to investments made throughout the past decades. With the emergence of Asian carmakers in Europe there had been a diversification considering models and prices, in other words it is a diversity of rivals. Threat of Substitutes Substitutes within the industry are more or less depending on consumers and their preference of commuting and travelling, it incorporates cycles, buses, underground and also could be planes and just walking. Consumers arent offended by taking public transports within the most European countries, also traffic jam in some places are reason for not using a car, which decrease the switching cost., plus the high price of gas play a major role. Threat of Suppliers As automakers manufacture their cars so the threat is considerably low, as there are a big number of suppliers GME can choose from, which make suppliers give more discounts, also cars elements are more or less standardised. Most of the time car companies attach with one supplier and there is no forward integration as suppliers are small comparing the automaker and in contrary GME can integrate backwardly the supplier or in some cases they create an alliance to reduce the costs. Threat of Buyers Except big companies buying lots of cars, solobuyers represent an insignificant threat but at the same time its bargaining power is high as the customer has plenty of different brands, models and prices to choose from. The large number of consumers are facing as said before low switching costs and the loyalty brand isnt very high which means that GME has to attract and retain consumers by incentives for example due to price sensitivity, as consumers are looking for the best deals concerning quality/price. Value chain analysis: Primary Activities: The Primary activities for GME are the followings: Product Designing, Resources purchase, Production, Marketing and Distribution and finally Customer Service. Product Designing is becoming of the key features within the industry. As nowadays cars are almost standardised, so with the right tools GME cars have already an image of strength and power. GME is at the same trying to offer cars that are not only powerful but also less fuel consuming. Resource purchase: the purchase of the right material is very important, as seen in Porters Five Forces, suppliers have very low power on GME in other words the organisation can almost select its preferable price over the supplier. Production: GME was the largest manufacture of cars in Europe; the production reached its peak in the early 1990s. However, its methods have showed an inadequacy, as they have been producing more than the demand. GMEs Marketing Distribution efforts havent done an efficient job of pleasing the public. This could be by displaying cars in showrooms, announcement etc. in order to get automobiles GME uses trucks and trains to deliver them to dealers. Customer Service Support: generally supporting the customers after a sale. GME has an 800 number so if customer needs help or have an enquiry they can call for free. Support Activities sustain the daily operations of GME but are not directly implicated in the manufacturing process of GME vehicles. These activities include Human Resources, communications and Consumer crediting. Section 3: Assess the performance improving options taken or proposed by GME at the time of the case. General Motors Electric knew that it could only improve from within (internally) as Macro economic factors like exchange rate, inflation rate etc are beyond their reach. All successful businesses have mainly two aims; cut costs increase sales In GMs case increased sales was not an accessible option, so therefore the company had to focus on performance improving options, here below is what GM proposed at the time of the case. GM reduced its workforce by 20% in an attempt to boost productivity and reduce costs by $600 million Use competitive pricing and offer additional services GME formed a strategic alliance with Fiat SPA in 2001 a restructuring plan called Project Olympia was produced to again reduce costs and decrease production capacity by 15% Closing down Luton plant to again reduce costs Moving production to cheaper areas in this case a German plant was closed down and manufacturing transferred to Poland Integration of operations Abandon cost incurring practices like using different parts and wiring for different cars Strategically GME have achieved both some success and failure in its operations to improve the situation in Europe, for example the reduction of employees and closures of unproductive plants are fully justified as the business cant continue to record huge losses year on year, in fact these decisions should have been made faster reflecting GM poor management structure unable to make quick decisions in a ever changing market. GM was also correct to cut out the practice off using different parts and wiring for different cars as this reduces overheads as any loss making business must cut costs at every opportunity. However there are also strategic failures GM implemented for example a strategic alliance with an Asian manufacturer would have been more beneficial then with Fiat as this alliance could have given GM access to superior management and technology resources, in return GM could have offered some concessions to the US market. Another example of poor strategic decision making is th e use of competitive pricing which a loss making business should never implement as good marketing could over time allow for premium prices. GM should have offered extended warranties as this actually costs the company very little in real terms, in the USA GM offer warranties for 100,000 miles over 5 years perhaps this could be implemented in its European business model. General thoughts on how GM can improve their European performance Change management team in Europe Form strategic alliance with Japanese manufacturer with superior manufacturing techniques Focus on the lucrative segment of the European market Reduce investment in the EU, until the economic situation improves (short-term vs. long-term ) Change EU business model e.g. produce smaller cars which are now popular Offer additional features to their cars Used money saved and invest more in RD Launch long term strategy to recapture market share Conclusion General Motors is the largest automaker in the world and has been an industry leader for 77 years yet it finds its European operations in all kinds of trouble. Huge financial losses, a dissatisfied customer base, competitors with superior management and production techniques to name a few. All of these problems are due to GM having a poor corporate strategy plan, GM become reactive rather then proactive and in strategy you can never rest on your laurels, the company missed clear trends within the market such as a demand for smaller cars, cars with less CO2 emissions, cars with additional features etc. This case is a good example of strategy as it shouldnt be done; strategy requires successful firms to seek feedback from their customers, for firms to have clear and set goals at all time and how to get there, strategy requires firms to ever excel and always be ambitious to seek new and rewarding risks. The main findings of the report suggest that GM didnt have the right business model or structure to cope with sudden change this is slightly understandable due to GM size and decision making tends to be slower amongst large companies due to the amount of management layers, but one would expect a company with manufacturing facilities in 35 countries and sales in 200 countries to at least get the basic rights. GM was guilty of not paying enough attention to the Macro environment were political changes were gearing towards reducing CO2 emissions, GM also underestimated the threat from Asian car companies and as a result quickly lost market share and sales.

Who Owns Whom? A Puzzling Animal, the Cat :: Essays Papers

Who Owns Whom? A Puzzling Animal, the Cat "Meow meow, hi there!" Almost every morning, I talk to a furry, cute, white and gray loveable animal, a cat, my neighbor, walking around our apartment’s porch. In spite of my paying "great regards" to the cat every time, it deals with me so capriciously, which disappoints me most of the time while a person passes by me with a dog wagging its tail and showing its love to the owner. Nearly every time, the cat glances at me and goes back to its "work" almost ignoring me. But I cannot give up talking to it every time I see it. Its look, voice, and appearance are enough to carry away me. Once in a while, it replies to me, or comes to rub against my legs, which satisfies me a lot. At such times, I feel that the cat likes me as much as I like it. Its furry soft feeling and power of rubbing against me are just so comfortable. But, what a mistaken idea this was! According to Fogle, cats often rub against humans to put cat scent for their territorial marking, or to let other cats know that they visited the place (78). Nevertheless, this puzzling animal is becoming the most popular pet among humans all over the world, or perhaps because of its puzzling character, humans have been enslaved by this furry little animal for a long time. In spite of the popularity of having a cat as a pet, its mode of life is still a very riddle, while most kinds of the domesticated animals are already documented. Bradshaw mentions that domestication of a cat is unusual compared to other domestic animals. Cats are not domestic species "made" by man such as dogs, and also they are not an animal trained for the purpose of helping man’s work, such as an elephant. It is more likely that cats themselves accept humans as part of their lives (6). Perhaps this is the reason why a cat’s mode of life is still behind a veil in spite of its important place among humans. "Cats are domesticated, but it was the cats that domesticated themselves." It is obvious that cats are nearly perfectly domesticated, or at least they look as if that they are having perfect relationships living with humans, but it was not humans that domesticated cats.

Napster :: essays research papers

Napster In 1998 a university dropout, Shawn Fenning, nicknamed napster, spent days without sleep in his uncle's office producing a new music-swapping programme now known as napster. Napster is an MP3 file sharing programme that lets you connect to millions of other users world-wide and swap music with them for ABSOLUTELY NOTHING, even Napster itself as a programme is FREE and is available to ANYONE with a PC and the Internet. Napster spreads all types of music ranging from unknown and up and coming bands to famous names like Craig David and Artful Dodger this is all at absolutely NO COST. So as you can imagine as Napster grew more popular than ever its total users topped 50MILLION in November 2000. Nearly 75 percent of college students have downloaded music from the Net, according to a recent study by Greenfield Online, an international research firm. Nearly two-thirds of the 1,135 college students surveyed say they download music as a way to sample music before buying it. So does this prove that the artists are actually benefiting out of Napster as people will hear there songs and possibly go and buy there singles. Many people believe music labels should have been donating money to Napster users, not threatening to sue them. And so the much-libelled Napster users are dedicated music buyers, quick to reach for their wallets. Greenfield research says it found that 45 per cent of online music fans are more likely to have increased their music purchases than online fans who don't use Napster. The study of Napster users found that 71 percent of users say they're willing to pay to download an entire album. A maker of MP3 portable players said "The year 2000 is a fantastic year for digital music,we had this earthquake called Napster who's aftershocks are still happening". Napster gives publicity to unsigned groups and gives people a chance to listen to their music and so possibly they may get a record deal form the record companies. But in the shops people are paying  £3.99 for these singles and to some they simply can't afford it, so why not use Napster and get it fo nothing??? After all would you pay for something you could get for free? Using napster gives everyone a chance to get all their favourite music for nothing, all new bands singles are featured on the programme but not forgetting many, many old songs for the older users of the site.

It Is Not Natural for Young People to Feel Stressed Essay

1) Stress It is not natural for young people to feel stressed and hopeless about the situations they face. All young people want is to be happy, to make a real difference they need our help to develop a more positive mental attitude and to understand that the real source of their happiness or their stress and to develop the inner strength and confidence to deal with any situation, however challenging, is an important goal. Many young people today put too much emphasis on materialism as a source of their happiness and need our help in understanding the importance of one’s inner values example sharing and caring, moving away from â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† and using their resources to help others respecting the rights of others interdependence and our reliance on others compassion and forgiveness gratitude. It is unrealistic to expect young people to be able to avoid conflict and that is why we need to teach them how to seek a win/win resolution to conflict. This involves hel ping them to look at situations from different perspectives, not just their own. Young people also need our help in making full use of the opportunities that come their way. Many young people do not have self belief and need our help in identifying their strengths and past successes. This requires different thought processes that involve the young person distancing themselves from strong emotions in order to analyse situations using clarity and objectivity to see what is actually happening, to assess what needs to be done and to develop a strong sense of purpose. This was the young person is able to act out of a clear awareness of their situation not out of anger or fear. They have a better chance of remaining calm in adversity and will have developed their inner strengths. Young people are no different to us, they want to overcome stress. There is no simple technique that will guarantee a calm and peaceful mind because each young person is different and lots of factors are involved e.g. the young person’s background, the support they can draw upon, health, education. What you can do is help young people to challenge the way that they think and in doing so improve their attitude, outlook and approach. You can help young people to develop the inner discipline they need to identify those factors which lead to stress and those that help develop a calm and peaceful mind. Then it is a matter of simply helping the young person to experience firsthand the benefits of eliminating the negative factors and of cultivating the positive. Benefits are likely to include increased flexibility and creativity, being more open and willing to reach out to others. This approach does not only benefit the young person but their family, school or workplace and society as a whole. Each young person will have their own baseline of happiness and no matter what good or bad things happen to them they will return to this level of happiness. This baseline can be influence by how the young person sees a situation e.g. by comparing themselves with others they see as more fortunate their baseline happiness goes down. But if they compare themselves with those who are less fortunate it goes up. Research has also shown that when young people use their resources to help others their baseline happiness goes up. It can be helpful to explore with young people which thoughts they find he lpful and which are harmful. Similarly they can explore which emotions and behaviours are helpful and which are harmful in terms in terms of the levels of stress experienced both short and longer term e.g. which behaviours provide temporary relief and which bring lasting happiness. There are a variety of approaches and methods that can be used but it takes time and the repeated application of these techniques so that the young person becomes familiar with what is happening, is able to identify the lessons learned and apply them when making decisions. It takes time for a young person to reflect on what brings lasting happiness and to reset their priorities and align their resources and efforts to what is truly of value and what gives their life meaning. Relationships are important to young people but it is often difficult for them to connect with others without fear and apprehension, they can be a major source of stress. Young people need help to understand how interconnected and interdependent we all are and how being open and flexible, sharing problems can bring down barriers and reduce feelings of isolation. Intimacy is important to our physical and psychological well-being. Young people need our help to understand the true meaning of intimacy i.e. the sharing of one’s inner self with another. They also need help in finding opportunities to broaden their definition of intimacy by including friends, family, colleagues, acquaintances and even strangers, opening themselves up to opportunities to bond. One way is to explore with young people how they feel when they meet somebody who is friendly and what are the practical benefits of this e.g. can turn to this person if I need help. You can then develop it further by exploring what it means to be the person who needs help by encouraging the young person to put themselves in the other person’s place and explore how they would react using their imagination. Then taking it one step further by encouraging the young person to let go of their own viewpoint and to develop an awareness and respect for the other person’ feeling. Another approach might be to encourage the young person to look for similarities in their own lives and those of others. It is a relationship in which we recognise that the young person is a fellow human being with the same need to live a less stressful life and one where we are willing to reach out and offer human affection, warmth, friendship and sensitivity to young people’s feelings. One of the major sources of relationship stress is the nature of power within the relationship. It can be helpful for young people to explore the sources of power, role and relationships before moving on to look at the feelings, what is shared and where there are connections. This approach is especially helpful in relating to each other as individuals, appreciating and valuing each other’s contribution. It is important to invest time in getting to know the young person’s basic characteristics as an individual before trying to relate at a deeper level i.e. beyond the superficial, willing to share the ups and downs of their lives, to demonstrate a responsibility and commitment. Building relationships with young people underpinned by feelings of compassion not only benefits young people it will also improve your own physical, emotional and mental health. You will feel calmer and will be less likely to suffer from depression. You will also have higher feelings of self-worth Organ Transplant An organ transplant replaces a failing organ with a healthy organ. A doctor will remove an organ from another person and place it in your body. This may be done when your organ has stopped working or stopped working well because of disease or injury. Not all organs can be transplanted. More than one organ can be transplanted at one time. For example, a heart and lung transplant is possible.Not everyone is a good candidate for an organ transplant. Your doctor or a transplant center will do tests to see if you are. You probably are not a good candidate if you have an infection, heart disease that is not under control, a drug or alcohol problem, or another serious health problem. People who need an organ transplant often have to wait a long time for one. Doctors must match donors to recipients to reduce the risk of transplant rejection. This is when the recipient’s body turns against the new organ, causing it to fail. People who have transplants must take drugs the rest of their lives to help keep their bodies from rejecting the new organ. Ironically, the increasing success rate of organ transplant procedures is one reason that organ transplant waiting lists have risen so dramatically since the late 1980s. The first organ transplants, performed in the late 1950s and 1960s, were characterized by high mortality rates; a major problem was that patients’ immune systems often rejected the foreign organ. The introduction of the drug cyclosporine in the 1980s helped mitigate this problem, and organ transplants subsequently became less experimental and more routine. Statistics indicate that in 1998 organ transplant procedures were successful 70 to 95 percent of the time, depending on the organ being transplanted. With these increasing success rates, more doctors have recommended the procedures. However, raising awareness about organ donation is a slow process, and the need for more organs is immediate. Thus the biggest dilemma facing the transplant community is, â€Å"How can the number of organs available for transpla nt be increased?†One proposal is to reverse the current system in which doctors must obtain a patient’s (or his or her family’s) consent in order to remove organs after death. Under a policy of â€Å"presumed consent† all patients would be presumed to want to become organ donors unless they explicitly state otherwise. Presumed consent proposals have consistently been met with strong opposition, however, on the grounds that they violate an individual’s right to make medical decisions for themselves. â€Å"Mandated choice† or â€Å"required response† policies are less extreme alternatives to presumed consent. Advocates of mandated choice policies argue that rather than waiting for people to volunteer for organ donation, hospitals or government organizations should require individuals to state their preference about organ donation, perhaps when they obtain their driver’s licenses or file tax returns. Texas, Colorado, and several other states have implemented required response policies, but, on average, rates of organ donation have not risen dramatically as a result. Researchers are also working on developing artificial organ s. As of February 2002, five people have received fully self-contained artificial hearts. The artificial heart has rarely been used because it is still highly experimental and because recipients must be willing to have their own heart removed to make room for the artificial replacement. Although there are many technical hurdles to overcome in the field of artificial organs, researchers are hopeful: Various laboratories in the United States and around the world are developing artificial hearts, lungs, livers, pancreases, bladders, and blood.In addition to developing artificial organs, scientists are working on techniques to grow human organs from a patient’s own cells. Instead of waiting for a donor, for example, a patient in need of a heart transplant might one day only have to wait until researchers can grow one in the laboratory. Some of the research involved in tissue engineering is tied up with cloning and stem cell research, and thus raises ethical questions. Such research is also at the cutting edge of biotechnology, and therefore it may be decades before it bears fruit. Nevertheless, the medical community is eager to explore this potential solution to the organ shortage. Although tissue engineering, artificial organs, and xenotransplantation provide hope for the future, the thousands of people currently on organ transplant waiting lists are counting on altruistic organ donation. The field of organ transplantation is one of the miracles of modern medicine, but its power to save lives depends directly on the availability of organs. CAUSES AND EFFECT ESSAY Obesity refers to excess amount of body fat, more than what is considered healthy for a given height. Generally, obesity is more in females than males because men have more muscles than women; muscles burn more calories than other type of tissues that have tendency to accumulate fat. Obesity has many predisposing factors like genetic, lifestyles and emotional factors, which may result on serious health problems. Obesity has been a serious issues that happening among us. According to the reports, Malaysia was being ranked 6th in the Asia with high obesity issues in 2010. Obesity is always being misunderstood by the people whereby they think overweight is considered as obesity. However, obesity is about having too much fat in the body. It is related with the eating patterns and habits which play an important part in order to live a healthy life. Therefore, obesity occurs with different causes and lead to several impacts on an individual. Do you know what the causes of obesity are? We never think about the causes of obesity, but they are very simple and common because it depends on the good habits that we have. If we count all the causes that provoke obesity maybe there are a lot, but we only need to focus on some of them. Because of emotional problems, bad eating, and the lack of exercise many people are overweight. The first cause is concentrated on emotional problems because sometimes they eat a lot to forget the problems or to relieve a feeling of emptiness. Many overweight people eat all the things that they see on the refrigerator because they feel alone, they try to full their body with food because their soul feels so bad and they need attention. Overweight people do that action to attract people’s attention because they need that other people to help them. Bad eating is the next cause that provokes obesity. Overweight people always eat junk food and it is the main cause why they increase their weight. They never eat fruits or vegetables, but always eat hamburgers, hotdogs, coca-cola, and others. This kind of food gives them more weight, in addition, gives them more problems. Overweight people eat because they need to eat, but its gluttony. The final cause is the lack of exercise which is important to reduce weight. People most of the times spend hours watching TV and don’t do anything that help their health. The lack of exercise is common in overweight people due to they can’t play, run, and they get tired very fast. Even when they can’t do exercise, they need to try doing a little bit because it’s so important to lose weight. We know that emotional problems, bad eating, and the lack of exercise are some of the causes of obesity. If we don’t pay attention to them, we will be exposed to many problems. This problem can be eradicated if we avoid all the things that cause obesity because we need to take care of our lives. Obesity affects the individual and the country. The biggest effect is on the individual. First of all, being overweight has health risks. Obesity can lead to heart disease, diabetes, and other conditions. The quality of life suffers, as it is difficult to enjoy exercise or move. Another result is lack of self-esteem. This can lead to depression, eating disorders and crash diets. The country is also affected. It becomes very expensive for the government to provide advanced medical care such as heart transplants. Unhealthy citizens are also less productive. and their children learn poor eating habits. Obesity or even being overweight has serious effects on the individual and the society. Both need to take action to examine the causes of this problem and find solutions. Obesity, because it alters the relationship between the lungs, chest wall, and diaphragm, has been expected to alter respiratory function. Non-smoking, young adults with spirometry, lung volume measurement by nitrogen washout, and single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide . Changes in respiratory function were of two types, those that changed in proportion to degree of obesity–expiratory reserve volume and those that changed only with extreme obesity–vital capacity, total lung capacity, and maximal voluntary ventilation. When compared with commonly used predicting equations, we found that mean values of subjects grouped by degree of obesity were very close to predicted values, except in those with extreme obesity in whom weight (kg)/height (cm) exceeded 1.0. In 29 subjects who lost a mean of 56 kg, significant increases in vital capacity, and maximal voluntary ventilation were found, along with a significant decrease in single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. Because most subjects fell within the generally accepted 95% confidence limits for the predicted values, we concluded that obesity does not usually preclude use of usual predictors. An abnormal pulmonary function test value should be considered as caused by intrinsic lung disease and not by obesity, except in those with extreme obesity. In conclusion, obesity is a major problem which founded in every economic class and has a lot of complications .Obesity can be reduced by eating a healthy diet, including a variety of foods, especially grain products, vegetables and fruits. The diet should be moderate in salt and low in fat and cholesterol. Reinforce the need for regularly physical activity for at least 30 minutes each day. Obesity has brought a lot of disadvantages or negative impacts internally and externally in our life. Everyone should have start to concern with their health condition and daily lifestyle from now on to avoid obesity. A balance diet and regular exercise would be th e key of a healthy lifestyle. CAUSES AND EFFECT OUTLINE Introduction Obesity refers to excess amount of body fat, more than what is considered healthy for a given height. Generally, obesity is more in females than males because men have more muscles than women; muscles burn more calories than other type of tissues that have tendency to accumulate fat. Obesity has many predisposing factors like genetic, lifestyles and emotional factors, which may result on serious health problems. Obesity has been a serious issues that happening among us. According to the reports, Malaysia was being ranked 6th in the Asia with high obesity issues in 2010. Obesity is always being misunderstood by the people whereby they think overweight is considered as obesity. However, obesity is about having too much fat in the body. It is related with the eating patterns and habits which play an important part in order to live a healthy life. Therefore, obesity occurs with different causes and lead to several impacts on an individual. Conclusion Obesity has brought a lot of disadvantages or negative impacts internally and externally in our life. To sum up, everyone should have start to concern with their health condition and daily lifestyle from now on to avoid obesity. A balance diet and regular exercise would be the key of a healthy lifestyle.

Determining The Sample Design Education Essay

This chapter has every bit chief purpose to look into on the attitude and perceptual experience of pupils about a calling in the touristry industry. This chapter will clarify all the procedure for research used in this survey, it be from job definition phase to the aggregation of informations phase. As the research method is inflowing on the findings of a research, there is the demand to carefully do usage of the proper procedure.Research ProcedureThere has been tremendous assortment of attacks to research. They all suggest that non all research undertakings follow exactly the same sequence of processs. Specifically to this paper, the stairss to utilize are adopted from C.R Kothari ( 2004 ) published book ‘Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques ‘ for its simpleness. Below are the stairss: Explicating the research job Extensive literature reappraisal Fixing the research design Determining the sample design Roll uping the information Execution of the undertaking Analysis of informations Preparation of study3.1 Problem FormulationWhy is it that despite shiping on a touristry instruction trek, touristry pupils incorporating the industry for a calling is one of the chief challenges confronting the sector? The point is why they commit themselves to the plan from the beginning till the terminal, to eventually choosing out of a touristry calling. So this paper aims at supplying a better apprehension of the different factors that may act upon their attitude about such a calling.3.1.1 Research AimsTo catch a sight about whether touristry pupils of University of Mauritius will be be aftering to foster their callings in the Tourism Industry after a 3 A? class in Tourism, Leisure and Recreation Management Assess the variables impacting pupils ‘ pick to incorporate the industry Analyze differences in the sentiment of two different groups of undergraduate pupils ; experienced pupils v/s not experient pupils Identify how touristry undergraduate of the University of Mauritius perceive the Tourism Industry as an employer3.1.2 Research QuestionsWhat is the influence of pupil ‘s sensed nature of work in the touristry industry on their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of societal position in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of publicity chances in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of wage and benefits in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling? How does pupil ‘s perceptual experience of physical working status in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling?3.1.3 Research HypothesesHypothesis testing is concerned with the job of finding whether or non, a statement about the chance distribution of informations, is consistent with the available sample grounds. For the intent of this survey, hypotheses have been developed following the premise of them being the most important determiners for pupils ‘ perceptual experience towards the touristry industry. A conceptual model is proposed to diagrammatically show the hypotheses.Hypothesis One: Nature of work and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Nature of work has proved to be a major determiner in pupils ‘ attitude harmonizing to old research. Low wage rate and unsociable working hours has been lending to nature of work being as important. Harmonizi ng to Parsons & A ; Care ( 1991 ) , those two component may negatively impact occupation satisfaction and motive of undergraduates, forcing them out of the industry. Following that review the undermentioned statement for the survey is deduced: H0 There is no important relationship between nature of work and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H1 There is important negative relationship between nature of work and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Hypothesis Two: Social position and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Social position is defined as the award and prestigiousness attached to one ‘s place in a society from a sociological or anthropology point of position ( one ‘s societal place ) . There are two ways how one can gain their societal position. One can have it through his ain accomplishment which is termed as accomplishment position or one can have it by their inherited place which is called ascribed position. The society stratification system is the system which determines the societal position of persons within a society. It has been found that societal position is associated with peculiar businesss within a broad society and this derived from a assortment of occupational factors such as the socially constructed value attributed to the accomplishments present in the business and the place in the labor market occupied by the type of work force and the nature of the work itself ( Watson, 1995, p. 202 ) . Status is considered of import for an employee being satisfied with his occupation and it is considered of import among forces ( Chellen & A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . This could along impact on employees ‘ committedness to their work. Tourism occupations have instead have low position. It has been considered non suited for adult female and inferior as compared to other sectors for males ( Chellen & A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Such critics have led to a negative perceptual experience of the sector by possible recruits therefore making that challenge presently confronting the industry. Out of this, it has been as sumed that societal position weighs rather heavy at act uponing pupils where the undermentioned statements are set: H0 There is no important relationship between societal position and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H2 There is important relationship between societal position and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Hypothesis Three: Physical Working Condition and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.The on the job status is here concentrating on the working environment, the comfortss, noise degree and grade of safety or danger involved while set abouting a touristry occupation. In several surveies, physical working status scored a grade below demand in the trial for internal consistence and dependability under Cronbach ‘s alpha. But still, Kusluvan and Kusluvan ( 2000 ) in his determiners to prove for attitude of pupils include working status and it has proved to burden well. Included in most surveies, hunts have found that it contributes negatively to the image of the industry. Cloakroom, bathrooms and eating halls of workers are more likely negatively rated. Following this, it has been assumed that working status is a possible factor act uponing pupil attitudes, therefore the undermentioned statements: H0 There is no important relationship between physical working status and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H3 There is important relationship between physical status and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Hypothesis Four: Wage and benefits, and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.By and large talking, people look for a occupation to acquire a wage at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. For touristry endeavors, pay demand to be devised in the proper construction so that it worth the attempt put in a occupation. Fringe benefits are progressively deriving importance towards today employees. A combination of the two in a proper designed construction should ease attractive force and keeping of possible recruits for the touristry industry. A proper wages system will heighten the motive of workers already working, therefore impacting on the quality of service bringing. The employee needs on his side to set the needed attempt and utilize the proper accomplishments to cover with the occupation reflecting the wage degree. Harmonizing to Tank ( 1990 ) people by and large leave constitutions because of dissatisfaction with salary mobbing from equals or higher-ups, dissension with human resources direction policies ( Chellen & A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Following the above, it can be assumed that wage and benefits are cardinal determiners on pupils ‘ attitude for a touristry calling, therefore the statements proposed below: H0 There is no important relationship between wage and benefits, and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H3 There is important relationship between wage and benefits, and pupil ‘s attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industryHypothesis Five: Promotion and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.For the coevals Y, turning in an endeavor is of import. Opportunities for growing are the characteristic people looking for while seeking a occupation in the current employment state of affairs and the ground behind are largely increased wage and other personal aims. Generation Y alumnuss are really ambitious and they want to mount up the direction ladder fast, that is why they are loath to come in endeavors offering small publicity chances. In conditions where publicity is unjust, they tend to travel to other sectors where it is instead based on virtue, which enhance their satisfaction as a worker. Therefore, consequently, publicity chances are assumed to be of import for determining student attitude and the statements that follow: H0 There is no important relationship between publicity chances and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. H4 There is important relationship between publicity chances and pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry. Social Status Nature of Work H2 H1 Students ‘ attitude and perceptual experience of a touristry calling Promotion Opportunities Physical Working Condition H3 H4 H5 Pay and BenefitsFigure 1: Proposed Model with the Hypothesized Relationships3.2 Extensive Literature ReviewIn position of geting both theoretical and practical cognition about the subject under survey, a elaborate reading on the topic was done through several beginnings. Further reading was done on the theory applicable to the survey. The chief beginning to garner relevant information for understanding the topic, were the academic diaries on the cyberspace, via Emerald and Ebsco library made available to pupils by the university library. Further articles were available on the Google web site. Readings, increased cognition and informations gathered aid invent the proper hypotheses and design the equal questionnaire. Therefore placing the relevant literatures was of import for the proper running of the survey.3.3 Determine Research DesignResearch design constitutes the blue-print for aggregation, measuring, and analysis of informations. In other words, research design involves the development of the overall program to associate the conceptual research job to the empirical research ( Ghauri et al, 1995 ) . In relation to this survey, both qualitative and quantitative research method will be used.3.3.1 Qualitative ResearchQualitative research is carried out for the intent of depicting, researching, and explicating the phenomena being studied. A tool for qualitative research that fits in this paper is the explorative research.Exploratory ResearchExploratory research is portion of the qualitative method of research and for the current survey, the explorative signifier of research in in the signifier of literature reappraisal.Literature reappraisalA literature reappraisal is an history of what has been published on a subject by commissioned bookmans and research workers. Literature reappraisal was carried out for this paper to garner relevant information and the positions of different writers refering to the research topic. Information was gathered largely about the factors act uponing pupils ‘ attitude, the theory that could be adapted ( Theory of planned behavior ) , touristry instruction and internship as portion of the touristry course of study.3.3.2 Quantitative ResearchA quantitative attack is one in which the research worker chiefly uses post-positivist claims for developing cognition ( i.e. cause and consequence thought, decrease to specific variables and hypotheses and inquiries, usage of measuring and observation, and the trial of theories ) ( Creswell, 2003 ) . To manage the quantitative research, a self-administered questionnaire ( a descriptive method ) will be used as it is the most appropriate instrument to roll up primary informations and earlier likely surveies besides used the same technique ( Jenkins, 2001 ; Purcell & A ; Quinn, 1996 ) . Questionnaire has every bit advantage to let a big figure of respondents and is less colored and intrusive than other methods ( Brunt, 1997 ; Chellen & A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) ) . Furthermore, it is â€Å" cheaper and quicker † ( Veal, 1998, p. 146 ) and respondents will experience at easiness as they can finish it at their ain gait. To plan the questionnaire some inquiries were borrowed from literatures in the field. The inquiries are in peculiar the statements used to plan the questionnaire ( Chellen & A ; Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Czaja and Blair ( 2005 ) , borrowing or accommodating inquiries is allowed and could help this research in many ways ( Chellen & A ; Nunkoo ) .3.4 Determine Sample Unit and Sample SizeSampling is the procedure by which persons belonging to a larger mark population are selected for survey ( Martin, 2010 ) . Underliing the survey of pupils ‘ attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry, the paper will hold as mark population, pupils of the University of Mauritius still undergoing the course of study. For the intent of the research, informations will be collected from a selected sample and the sample size for this research will be the whole figure of undergraduate full-timer touristry pupils at the University of Mauritius. Due to the little size of the mark population, it is more dependable to study all the pupils, at all academic degree. Table 1 below inside informations the figure of registered touristry pupils at the University of Mauritius. Academic degree Number of pupils 1 43 2 33 3 53 4 50 Entire 179Table 2: Number of pupils as per different academic degreeBeginning: Register of the Faculty of Law and ManagementIt is to be noted that pupils of twelvemonth three were really on internship as per the demand of the course of study, on the start of their 3rd twelvemonth. Thus upon the technique opted to roll up information ( the questionnaire ) , 3rd twelvemonth touristry pupils unless those holding reseat faculties, were excluded from the sample as they were out of range.3.5 Pilot TestingPrior to administering the questionnaires to the possible respondents, the questionnaire was pilot tested to prove the relevancy and pertinence of the instrument in the Mauritanian context. As a effect the questionnaire was revised and refined for the study. The questionnaire was pre-tested through 10 respondents from the top-up touristry pupils at the university itself. Upon aggregation the information, three inquiries needed to be added to subdivision B to increase the significance of proving w ork experience. The respondents qualified the questionnaire as being easy to make full and the English linguistic communication rather simplistic. It took the respondents about 10 proceedingss to finish the questionnaire.3.6 Data CollectionDatas required for this paper lies in both primary and secondary informations. As primary informations, information will be collected from a self-administered questionnaire with a multi-dimensional and multi-item attitude graduated table tested and used by Kusluvan and Kusluvan ( 2000 ) followed by Aksu and Koksa ( 2005 ) , while for secondary beginning, informations will be largely collected from relevant academic diaries and cyberspace web sites. The relevant questionnaires were distributed among the undergraduate pupils at the university itself, whichever the academic degree.3.7 Questionnaire StructureThe questionnaire has every bit purpose to garner information about and sentiment of a group of people who are under survey. For the intent of th is paper, a self-administered questionnaire is used which consists of 2 ( A & A ; B ) subdivisions, viz. ; Consists of 9 ( 1-9 ) parts, reciting the 9 factors developed and tested by Kusluvan & A ; Kusluvan ( 2000 ) ; each and every, followed by the relevant inquiries to ease informations aggregation.Section AConsists of inquiries to garner the socio-demographic information of the respondents.Section BFigure 3: Questionnaire Structure3.7.1 Questionnaire DesignThe questionnaire consists of two parts as mentioned above. Section A is subdivided into 9 elements and under each component there is a set of inquiries that allow that for informations aggregation while subdivision B comprises of 9 inquiries. Both dichotomous and multichotomous inquiries will be used to roll up required information. For multichotomous inquiries in subdivision A, based on old surveies, a 5 point likert scale type of evaluation is used. The evaluation is as follows ; Strongly Disagree Disagree Impersonal Agree Strongly Agree Harmonizing to Ross ( 1995 ) , David & A ; Tideswell ( 1998 ) , Bloomquist ( 1998 ) , Okeiyi & A ; Bryant ( 1998 ) and Fraser ( 2000 ) , most researcher believe that 5 or 7 point graduated table is most appropriate to mensurate attitude and committedness, unlike the assorted other measuring methods. For the 2nd subdivision of the questionnaire, largely dichotomous inquiries are used ; the ‘Yes No ‘ inquiries. The inquiries were designed to roll up socio-demographic information of the respondents consisting significantly of pupils ‘ experience.3.8 Execution of the undertakingAs the questionnaire design was completed and approved, the questionnaire was distributed amongst the full clip TLR pupils of their several academic degree at the University of Mauritius during the month of October. To maximise response rate, the category representatives of each academic degree provided their aid upon distribution and guaranting completion of the questionnaires. They were geared to assist for the aggregation of the questionnaire as when the pupils were done with them.3.9 Data AnalysisOnce collected, all quantitative informations were analyzed utilizing the SPSS ( 16.0 ) . Answers were encoded for usage in the SPSS and tabular arraies, charts and figures derived from the anal ysis will be of usage for the analysis presentation.3.10 Preparation of ReportThe last measure in the research procedure is the study readying. It is where, consequences obtained through the study, are used to exemplify the chief findings of the research undertaking. The findings moreover, allows for reading on the attitude and perceptual experience of the pupils at the university on a touristry calling.3.11 Limitation of StudyRestrictions enveloping this survey are chiefly clip and fiscal restraints. Furthermore, the research was geared towards University of Mauritius pupils merely, therefore restricting this survey to be representative of the overall group of touristry pupils in Mauritius. There are other establishments, secondary and third, either public or private offering touristry instruction plans. As the research is limited to University of Mauritius pupils, the findings would non be important to other pupils from other establishments, therefore to the industry in a holistic consideration. Finally, 3rd twelvemonth pupils, were non built-in of the survey since they were all on internship which is portion and partial of the 3rd twelvemonth course of study. This has brought the population of survey to be restricted figure wise.

Asian American Stereotypes in Film Essay

Asian Americans only make up a small percent of the American population. Even more significant is that this percentage live mostly on the west and east coasts of mainland United States and Hawaii; leaving the rest of the American population to most likely get their exposures to Asians through television and movies. However the exposure they have receive throughout the history of cinematography has been hardly flattering. Throughout the course of history Asians in film have been portrayed as evil or the â€Å"yellow peril† as described by others. If Asians are not being classified as evil in this picture then they are most likely the comic relief, with their lack of coordination or grasp of the English language. With these common stereotypes in place, it gives a white American viewer a sense or need to destroy this Asian villain or superiority over the comedic character portrayed in the film. In the film Gung Ho filmed in the year 1986, the story is told of the plight of the people working in the region known as the Rust Belt. The group that is the focal point of this story is the relation between Asian men in an American town and the differences they share are played out in this movie. The stereotypes enlisted in this movie are both that of a villainous nature and a comedic relief with some of the characters. Throughout the film it is how the clever, white working class people of this hard working town have to overcome the maniacal working environment these Asian men have. Common stereotypes of the Asian man lay throughout the entire course of the movie, stereotypes that have been portrayed by the film industry of Asian men since its inception. The main stereotype in this movie is that Asian men only care about their jobs and their careers and little else. That the Asian man will go through great sacrifice to get to the top of the business that they work for. From beginning to end, many white families are portrayed in the movie showing that the American people have family values. Yet absent through the whole course of the picture is any Asian man with his family. This signifies that the Asian group does not have time, nor wants to make time to have a family life because they are trying to succeed in business. The Asian boss in the film wanted the results to his liking and little else, whether time with the family was missed or not. Hardly a glimpse of an Asian woman is seen during the movie while the American, and predominantly, white working community always spends time with the family and it is a valued part of their lives. Any slight mention of the Asian characters family was done in conversation without an on-screen appearance by the wife or children. Another stereotype depicted in the film was that every Asian character spoke flawed English. Not one single person through the film had a perfect grasp of the English language. This provides the comical relief in the film as any Asian man at any time could pronounce a word wrong or use the wrong word to the bemusement of the film watchers. The broken English that is used by the Asian characters in this film seem to heighten or display the fact that the Asian characters have visible flaws. The Americans never have to display such flaws, in fact the only part of the movie where an American attempts to spoke Japanese it is completely flawless, without hesitation or pause. A further stereotype that is used in this film is that Asian people make good managers, but are never good leaders. What this tells use is that while a person of Asian descent might know the best possible way to accomplish a goal they will never have the force or strong enough personality to get others to get the goal accomplished. The film has Asian men taking over an American plant and trying to incorporate work ethics that are highly successful over in Japan. Yet the white, working class person refused to adhere to such a strict regime and basically revolts to the ideas. This ultimately leads to the failure and disgrace of the Japanese workers who are unsuccessful in making the plant completely efficient. In the end it takes the will of one of the white workers to bring everyone together and incorporate a meld between the two cultures in order to get the job done and everything to turn out successful. Asian men are depicted as not being strong enough to take control of a situation, where as white American has the ability and will constantly use it to save the day for everyone involved in the situation. One finally stereotype that the film has is the simple fact that all people of Asian descent have some knowledge of the martial arts. Scenes in which martial arts were used were placed in the film seemingly at random, and just for the sole purpose of showing that the Asian character knew a form of martial arts. The film did not need to have any martial arts in it, as it was not the main focal point, or even any kind of focal point, in the film. Yet the makers of the film deemed it necessary to show, in fact, these Asian characters do know how to use martial arts to their advantage. The film portrays the Asian men in a negative light by showing that they do not have the will or the ability to take charge in a situation. This is completely different from the image of the American man who can take charge at any time, whether it is revolting against the Asian ideas or saving the day at the end of the film. The white American voice has no problem being heard and enforced, and its strong will might â€Å"rub off† on others in the end. They are portrayed almost as a type of savage or once again as the yellow peril as they were depicted years earlier. The seven-day work schedules and mandatory free overtime seems barbaric to the American workers, as well as the little amount of time spent with the families. Overall, the Asian men in this film seem to be a harsh taskmaster over their American working force. One of the consequences of this film is that it keeps up the stereotype of Asian Americans being the model minority. The Asian Americans have had this definition of themselves because of their strong cultural background, including strong work ethic, keeping them from becoming a problem minority, which many Americans saw the African American community as a problem. Asian American’s docile approach and lacking of any traits of masculinity were seen as positive traits and were widely regarded as no being a threat to the standards and norms White America had created for themselves. All this movie does is further portray that stereotype, as none of the Asian men in this film have any strong masculine qualities. They cannot take charge, they are easily intimidated, and they are never assertive with their beliefs and restrictions giving the impression to the movie viewers that Asian Americans are docile beings and Asian Americans are obstacles easily overcame. Overall, the object of this movie is to entertain the audience sitting at home watching it, laughing at the mishaps and situations that happen along the way. The question is, however, at who’s expense does the laughter come? Perpetuating this stereotype only goes to further damage the way Asian Americans are seen by the American public. Also during the time the movie was being made, the yen and the dollar were in competition over which had more value. This movie in a subtle way suggests that American workers can overcome any adversity, while the Asian cast is lucky to have such determined Americans to help them out of their problems. The movie serves to inspire Americans by relying on a stereotype of Asians to show that Asian are weak and Americans are strong, and that they can overcome any challenge they rally behind.